| Sažetak | Sukladnorazvoju suvremenih odgojno-obrazovnih mjera i metoda u današnjem sustavu predškolskog odgoja i obrazovanja mijenja se i okruženje u kojemu se one provode. Temeljno pitanje na koje su u doktorskom radu nastoji dati odgovor je prati li oblikovanje namještaja i okruženja u zgradama za odgoj i obrazovanje(kraće: vrtićima) nove pedagoškemetodei stvarali postojeći namještaj u vrtićima temelje za zdravi dječji rast i razvoj. Kako bi se odgovorilo na postavljeno pitanje i omogućila usporedba, istraživanje je provedeno u tri države: Republici Sjevernoj Makedoniji, Republici Hrvatskoj i Republici Bugarskoj, tj. njihovim glavnim gradovima Skoplju, Zagrebu i Sofiji. Poligoni su ciljano odabrani u tri različite sredine od kojih svaka ima svoje posebne kulturološke karakteristike kao i pravila provođenja odgojno-obrazovnih metoda, uvjete rada te različit postupak (javne) nabave namještaja i opreme u vrtićima. Upravo te posebnosti omogućile su komparativno utvrđivanje sličnosti i različitosti uvjeta i sustava, opremljenost i metodologiju rada unutar pojedinog poligona. Rad analizira povijesni pregled razvoja vrtićkog namještaja, predškolski obrazovni sustav u tri promatrane države, europske norme za namještaj u predškolskim ustanovama, objašnjava ulogu antropometrije u vrtićima, psihološke i pedagoške aspekte koji utječu na namještaj i interijere u vrtićima te preispituje odgovornost dizajnera u oblikovanju namještaja u vrtićima. Predmet istraživanja je oblikovanje suvremenog namještaja koji se koristi u predškolskim odgojnim ustanovama. Osnovni ciljevi rada odnose se na C1: utvrđivanje je li trenutni namještaj i oprema s kojim djeca svakodnevno dolaze u kontakt u vrtićima u tri različite zemlje primjeren zdravom rastu i razvoju djece, naročito sa stajališta oblikovanja, funkcionalnih dimenzija propisanih važećim normama, primjene drvenih i drugih ekoloških materijala, sigurnost i drugih kriterija; te C2: definiranje osnovnih zahtjeva na oblikovanje i opremanje vrtićkog namještaja čime bi se u postupak oblikovanja dječjeg namještaja uključili profesionalci iz nekoliko različitih znanstvenih područja. Istaknute su dvije hipoteze, H1: Namještaj kojeg djeca koriste u vrtićima ne odgovara zahtjevima suvremene pedagogije, dizajna, kvalitete, sigurnosti, ergonomije i održivosti; te H2: Moguće je definirati nove suvremene zahtjeve i kriterije za oblikovanje i kvalitetu proizvoda, a time stvoriti preduvjete za očuvanje dječjeg zdravlja. Kako bi istraživanje s maloljetnom djecom bilo moguće i u skladu s etičkim kodeskom, dobiveno je odobrenje ustanova i ureda nadležnih u pojedinoj državi za provedbu opremanja promatranih vrtića, ravnatelja pojedinih vrtića te roditelja djece koja su sudjelovala u istraživanju. Istraživanje je provedeno u tri glavna grada triju država-lokacija (L): Skoplju, Zagrebu i Sofiji, u kojima je sudjelovalo sveukupno N=27 dječjih vrtića-poligona (P): Zagreb (N=12P), Skoplje (N=8P) i Sofija (N=7P). Istraživanja su provedena s tri glavne skupine ispitanika: predškolskom djecom (d), odgajateljima (o) i proizvođačima (p) na sve tri lokacije L. Metode istraživanja obuhvaćale su mjerenje funkcionalnih dimenzija namještaja pri čemu su mjerene stolice (Ns=25, P=27), stolovi (NS=22, P=27), kreveti (Nk=8, P=27) i namještaj za odlaganje (Nnp=25, P=27), te mjerenje antropometrijskih varijabli djece (Nd=848, P=15), zatim anketni upitnik s dvije vrste ispitanika (No=593, P=39; Np=12, P=12), intervjuiranje djece Mozaik metodom (Nd=36, P=1), kao i promatranje i fotografiranje djece i namještaja (P=15). Za metodu antropometrijskih mjerenja korištene su antropometrijske varijable propisane priručnicima, dok je za usporedbu s normom korištena važeća norma EN 1729-1:2015 koja seprimjenjujeu svim obuhvaćenimdržavama. Anketni upitnik za odgajatelje sadržavao je sveukupno 74 pitanja, a upitnik za proizvođače 53 pitanja podijeljenih u pet odjeljaka. Mozaik metoda predstavljala je sasvim novu metodu u obrazovnim ustanovama, koja u prvi plan stavlja korisnika (dijete) i prikuplja korisnikove stavove o promatranom problemu. Mozaik metoda provedena je u jednom vrtiću pri čemu je 36 djece dobilo slikovni upitnik i zadatak da nacrtaju svoju idealnu dnevnu sobu u vrtiću. Statistička obrada provedena je s MedCalc i s IBM SPSS Statistics programskim alatima. Dobiveni rezultati potvrdili su postavljene hipoteze te ukazuju da ponuđeni namještaj i oprema funkcionalnim dimenzijama ne odgovaraju antropometrijskim dimenzijama djece, ne pomažu u održavanju zdravog i tjelesno odgovarajućeg položaja tijela te da ne koriste ekološke materijale. Rezultati dokazuju da analizirana oblikovno-konstrukcijska rješenja namještaja u vrtićima ne zadovoljavaju nove pedagoške i psihološke standarde preporučene literaturom i savjete/preporuke iz razgovora s odgajateljima. Namještaj je i oblicima i dimenzijama neprilagođen stvaranju različitih prostornih organizacija u vrtićkim dnevnim boravcima gdje se većinom provodi odgojno obrazovni proces. Spomenuto stvara preduvjete oblikovanja novih rješenja i prijedloge načina opremanja promatranih zgrada. Doprinos istraživačkih rezultata u radu je u prikazanim inovativnim konceptima i oblikovnim rješenjima proizvoda koji bi se mogli nalaziti u prostorijama različitih vrtićkih dobnih skupina djece, sukladno primjerenim pedagoškim smjernicama i odgojno i obrazovnim metodama koje stvaraju temelje za zdravi dječji rast i razvoj. Rad potvrđuje nužnost intenzivne interdisciplinarne suradnje različitih struka na ovoj problematici u budućimistraživanjima i oblikovanju namještaja u zgradama za predškolski odgoj i obrazovanje, gdje su glavni korisnici djeca. Prikladnim pristupom dječjem zdravom rastu i razvoju stvaramo temelje razvoja zdrave zajednice i društva u cjelini. |
| Sažetak (engleski) | The environment for the implementation of modern educational measures and methods in the current system of preschool education has changed in accordance with their development. This doctoral thesis seeks to answer the fundamental question whether the design of furniture and environments in education facilities (i.e. kindergartens) follows the development of new pedagogical methods and whether the existing furniture in kindergartens creates the foundation for healthy children's growth and development. In order to answer this question and provide comparisons, the survey was conducted in three countries, namely the Republic of North Macedonia, the Republic of Croatia and the Republic of Bulgaria, i.e. in their capitals Skopje, Zagreb and Sofia. The polygons have been targeted in three different environments, where each has its own specific cultural characteristics as well as rules stipulating the implementation of educational methods, working conditions and different procedures linked to (public) procurement of furniture and equipment in kindergartens. These distinctive featuresalloweda comparativeoverviewof similaritiesanddifferences between various conditionsand systems, equipment andmethodology of work inthe context ofa particular polygon. The paper analyses a historical review of the development of kindergarten furniture, preschool educational system in three observed states, European standards for furniture in preschool institutions, explainstherole ofanthropometryinkindergartensand psychological andpedagogical aspects affecting furniture and interiors in kindergartens and examines designers’ responsibility in the design of furniture in kindergartens. The subject of this research is the design of modern furniture used in preschool educational institutions. The basic objectives of the research comprisethe following elements: O1: determining whether the furniture and equipment with which children currently come into contact in kindergartens on daily basis in three different countries accommodate healthy growth and development of children, especially from the point of view of design, functional dimensions prescribedinline withtheapplicable standards, theapplicationof woodand other environmentally-friendly materials, safety and other criteria, and O2: defining the basic requirements for the design and furnishing of furniture in kindergartens that would involve professionals from several different scientific fields in the design process of children's furniture. In that context, two hypotheses are highlighted, namely H1: furniture usedby children inkindergartens does not meet therequirements of modern pedagogy, design, quality, safety, ergonomics and sustainability, and H2: it is possible to define new modern requirements and criteria for the design and quality of products, thereby creating prerequisites for the preservation of children's health. In order to make the research involving minor children possible and in accordance with the code of ethics, the approval of institutions and offices responsible for equipping kindergartens, principals of individual kindergartens and parents of children participating in the survey was obtained in all three countries. The survey was conducted in the three capitals of three countries (L), Skopje, Zagreb and Sofia, with the participation of a total of N=27 kindergartens-polygons (P), i.e. Zagreb (N=12P), Skopje (N=8P) and Sofia (N=7P). The research were conducted with three main groups of respondents: preschool children (c), educators (e) and producers (p) at all three locations (L). The research methods included measuring the functional dimensions of furniture, chairs (Nc=25, P=27), tables (Nt=22, P=27), beds (Nb=8, P=27) and storage furniture (Ns=25, P=27), and measuring the anthropometric variables of children (Nc=848, P=15), a survey questionnaire designed for two types of respondents (Ne=593, P=39; Np=12, P=12), interviewing children using the Mosaic method (Nc=36, P=1), and observing and taking photographs of children and furniture (P=15). The anthropometric variables prescribed by manuals were used for the anthropometric measurements while the European Standard EN 1729- 1:2015, applied in all three countries, was used for comparison. The survey questionnaire for educators comprised a total of 74 questions, and the questionnaire for producers 53 questions divided into five sections. The Mosaic method was introducedasa completelynew methodin educational institutions. This method whichputstheuser (child) at the forefront and collects children’s views on the problem under scrutiny. The Mosaic method was carried out in one kindergarten where 36 children were given a picture questionnaire and asked to draw their ideal kindergarten classroom. Statistical processing was carried out using MedCalc or IBM SPSS Statistics software tools. The results obtained confirmed the hypotheses and indicate that functional dimensions of furniture and equipment do not correspond to the anthropometric dimensions of children, which does not contribute to maintaining a healthy and physically appropriate position of the body and that environmentally-friendly materials were not used. The results prove that the analysed design and construction of furniture used in kindergartens do not meet the new pedagogical and psychological standards recommended in the literature and recommendations taken from conversations with educators. Both the design and dimensions of furniture are not suited to creating various spatial setups in kindergarten classrooms where most of the educational process take place. Thus, the prerequisites for designing new solutions and suggesting new ways of equipping the observed facilities have been set. The contribution of research results has been presented in the innovative concepts and design solutions of products that could be located in rooms used by different children age groups in accordance with appropriate pedagogical guidelines and educational methods that create the foundation for healthy children's growth and development. The thesis confirms that it is necessary to establish an intensive interdisciplinary cooperation between different professions on this issue in future research and design of furniture in preschool facilities. Only withanappropriate approach to children's healthy growth and development, we can create the foundations for the development of a healthy community and society as a whole. |
