| Abstract | Rod Sorbus L. pripada porodici Rosaceae, potporodici Pomoideae te obuhvaća 80-100 vrsta listopadnog drveća i grmlja rasprostranjenog na Sjevernoj hemisferi. Zbog mesnatih plodova u kojima se nalazi sjeme, vrste roda Sorbus L. spadaju u šumsko voće gdje pripadaju i druge sporedne vrste drveća koje doprinose biološkoj raznolikosti sastojina, služe kao potpora glavnim vrstama drveća i poboljšavaju kvalitetu tla. Sve vrste roda Sorbus L. u Republici Hrvatskoj, kao i u većini europskih zemalja, su rijetke i ugrožene. Cilj ovih istraživanja je odrediti brojne značajke sjemena četiri vrste roda Sorbus L., odnosno ispitati različite metode i tehnologije proizvodnje sadnica u rasadniku. Tijekom jeseni 2003. godine na različitim lokalitetima u Republici Hrvatskoj pronađena su i izmjerena stabla četiri vrste roda Sorbus (Sorbus aria, Sorbus aucuparia, Sorbus domestica i Sorbus torminalis). Ukupno je registrirano 77 stabala, od toga 13 stabala mukinje, 14 stabala jarebike, 13 stabala oskoruše i 37 stabala brekinje. Tijekom jeseni 2003-2008. godine na stablima se procjenjivao stupanj uroda i sakupljali su se plodovi. Na plodovima i sjemenu obavljena su morfometrijska mjerenja i vaganja. Elementi kvalitete sjemena određeni su u skladu sa pravilima ISTA. Sadnice su se proizvodile u rasadniku tijekom pet kontinuiranih godina istraživanja (2004-2008). Dobar urod stabala mukinje (Sorbus aria L.), oskoruše (Sorbus domestica L.) i brekinje (Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz) u Republici Hrvatskoj događa se intervalima od svake četiri godine odnosno stabala jarebike (Sorbus aucuparia L.) u intervalima od svake tri godine. Prosječan broj punih sjemenki u plodu (2003-2007) jarebike i oskoruše iznosio je 1,9, u plodu mukinje 1,1 odnosno u plodu brekinje 0,9 komada. Najveći broj sjemenki u plodu mukinje dobiven je u godinama najboljeg uroda. Prosječna težina ploda (2003-2007) oskoruše iznosila je 8,82 g, brekinje 1,08 g, mukinje 1,05 g odnosno jarebike 0,47 g. Plodovi brekinje imali su prosječno najveću težinu u godinama dobrog uroda. Prosječna apsolutna težina sjemena (2003-2007) oskoruše iznosila je 27,99 g, brekinje 25,74 g, mukinje 16,91 g odnosno jarebike 3,95 g. Korelacija između stupnja uroda i apsolutne težine sjemena oskoruše je pozitivna i značajna. Izolirano stablo brekinje (Korenica), imalo je prosječno najmanju aspolutnu težinu sjemena (2003-2007). Dobivena je pozitivna i visoka korelacija između mase ploda i mase sjemena u plodu mukinje, oskoruše i brekinje. Dobivena je pozitivna i visoka korelacija između mase ploda i broja punih sjemenki u plodu jarebike i oskoruše. Na masu sjemena u ukupnoj masi ploda otpada prosječno kod mukinje 5,58%, kod jarebike 3,92%, kod oskoruše 1,11% odnosno kod brekinje 4,52%. Prosječno najveći vitalitet, za sve godine istraživanja i sve lokalitete, imalo je sjeme oskoruše (89,3%), slijedi vitalitet sjemena jarebike (84,5%), brekinje (83,5%) i mukinje (68,0%). Za savladavanje dvostruke dormantnosti sjemena sve četiri istraživane vrste roda Sorbus L. sa područja Republike Hrvatske, mogu se primjeniti uvjeti i trajanje stratifikacije navedeni u pravilima ISTA. Prosječna klijavost (2003-2008) na kraju razdoblja stratifikacije iznosila je kod sjemena mukinje 11,5%, kod sjemena jarebike 3,9%, kod sjemena oskoruše 22,5% odnosno kod sjemena brekinje 36,7%. Prosječno najveću laboratorijsku klijavost (2003, 2004, 2007), u skladu sa pravilima ISTA, imalo je sjeme oskoruše (71,3%) slijedi laboratorijska klijavost sjemena brekinje (64,9%), mukinje (53,2%) i jarebike (30,0%). Kod sve četiti vrste dobivene su pozitivne i vrlo visoke korelacije između energije klijavosti sjemena u laboratoriju i ukupne laboratorijske klijavosti. Prosječno najveću rasadničku klijavost (2003-2007) imalo je sjeme oskoruše (56,8%), slijedi rasadnička klijavost sjemena brekinje (40,5%), mukinje (27,3%) i jarebike (6,6%). Kod sve četiri istraživane vrste roda Sorbus L, dokazane su pozitivne i vrlo visoke korelacije između laboratorijske i rasadničke klijavosti sjemena. Prosječna visina sadnica mukinje 1+0 (2004, 2005, 2007, 2008) iznosila je 99 mm a promjer vrata korijena 5,22 mm. Prosječna visina sadnica mukinje 2+0 (urod 2003) iznosila je 437 mm a promjer vrata korijena 10,43 mm. Prosječna visina sadnica jarebike 1+0 (2004, 2005, 2006) iznosila je 313 mm a promjer vrata korijena 7,10 mm. Prosječna visina sadnica jarebike 2+0 iznosila je 744 mm a promjer vrata korijena 10,56 mm. Prosječna visina sadnica oskoruše 1+0 (2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008) iznosila je 286 mm a promjer vrata korijena 5,34 mm. Prosječna visina sadnica oskoruše 2+0 (urod 2003) iznosila je 635 mm a promjer vrata korijena 8,48 mm. Prosječna visina sadnica brekinje 1+0 (2004, 2005, 2007, 2008) iznosila je 198 mm a promjer vrata korijena 6,00 mm. Prosječna visina sadnica brekinje 2+0 (urod 2003) iznosila je 442 mm a promjer vrata korijena 8,53 mm. Dokazana je pozitivna i dosta značajna korelacija između apsolutne težine sjemena brekinje i preživljavanja biljaka u rasadniku. Sadnice jarebike u rasadniku pokazuju najveću otpornost spram biotskih i abiotskih čimbenika, slijedi otpornost sadnica brekinje, oskoruše i mukinje. Na osnovu istraživanja visinskog rasta i prirasta sadnica brekinje u rasadniku, predlaže se uzgoj u sijalištu samo jednu vegetaciju (1+0), bez podrezivanja korjenskog sustava. Sadnice jarebike najbolje podnose presadnju u rasadniku i ne doživljavaju šok uslijed presadnje za razliku od sadnica oskoruše a pogotovo brekinje. Trogodišnje školovane sadnice mogu se koristiti za potrebe urbanog šumarstva ili kao podloge za cijepljenje raznih sorti i kultivara (kod oskoruše i jarebike). Analizom varijance nisu dobivene statistički značajne razlike u visinama odnosno promjeru vrata korijena sadnica mukinje, oskoruše i brekinje u ovisnosti o tri tipa BCC kontejnera (V-265, V-150 i V- 120 SS). Razmnožavanje zelenim reznicama u praksi bi se moglo preporučiti možda samo kod jarebike i njezinih kultivara dok ostale tri vrste nemaju visok postotak zakorjenjivanja ili se uopće ne mogu zakorjeniti tako da ova metoda ne može biti ekonomski isplativa. |
| Abstract (english) | The Genus Sorbus L. belongs to the family Rosaceae, subfamily Pomoideae and encompasses 80-90 different species of deciduous trees and shrubs distributed in the northern hemisphere. Due to their fleshy fruits containing seeds, the Sorbus L. species belong to forest fruit, together with other weaker species which contribute to the biological diversity of stands, support the main tree species and improve soil quality. In Croatia, just as in most European countries, all the species from the genus Sorbus L. are rare and endangered. The aim of this research is to determine numerous seed characteristics of four species from the genus Sorbus L., i.e. to examine different methods and technologies for a nursery production of seedlings. In autumn 2003 trees from four species of the genus Sorbus L. (Sorbus aria, Sorbus aucuparia, Sorbus domestica and Sorbus torminalis) were chosen and measured at different sites in the Republic of Croatia. There was a total of 77 registered trees, of which 13 were Rowans, 14 Mountain Ashes, 13 Service and 37 Wild Service Trees. From autumn 2003 to autumn 2008 the yield grade was estimated, fruits were collected, and the fruits and seeds were morphometrically measured and weighed. The elements of seed quality were determined in line with the ISTA rules. Throughout the five consecutive years of the research (2004-2008) seedlings were produced in nurseries. In Croatia a good yield of Rowan (Sorbus aria L.), Service Tree (Sorbus domestica L.) and Wild Service Tree (Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz) occurs at four-year intervals while the Mountain Ash has a good yield every three years. The average number of filled (sound) seeds per one fruit of the Mountain Ash and Service Tree amounted to 1,9, of the Rowan 1,1 and of the Wild Service Tree 0,9. The largest number of seeds in a Rowan fruit was recorded in the years of its best yield. The average fruit weight (2003-2007) was 8,82 g for the Service Tree, 1,08 g for the Wild Service Tree, 1,05 g for the Rowan and 0,47 g for the Mountain Ash. The Wild Service Tree fruits reached their largest average weight in the years of good yields. An average absolute seed weight (2003-2007) was 27,99 g for the Service Tree, 25,74 g for the Wild Service Tree, 16,91 g for the Rowan and 3,95 g for the Mountain Ash. There is a positive and significant correlation between the yield grade and the absolute seed weight of the Service Tree. The lowest average absolute seed weight was obtained for an isolated Wild Service Tree (Korenica). A positive and a high correlation between fruit mass and seed mass was obtained for Rowan, Service Tree and Wild Service Tree fruits. The fruit mass and the number of filled (sound) seeds in the fruits of the Mountain Ash and Service Tree were also positively and highly correlated. The seed mass participated in the total fruit mass with 5,58% for the Rowan, 3,92% for the Mountain Ash, 1,11% for the Service Tree and 4,52% for the Wild Service Tree. The Service Tree seed had the best average vitality (89,3%) in all the research years, followed by the Mountain Ash (84,5%) and the Rowan (68,0%). The conditions and duration of stratification as determined by the ISTA rules can be applied for breaking the double seed dormancy of all the four researched species of the genus Sorbus L. At the end of the period of stratification the Rowan seeds reached an average germination (2003-2008) of 11,5%, the Mountain Ash seeds 3,9%, the Service Tree seeds 22,5% and the Wild Service Tree seeds 36,7%. The best laboratory germination (2003, 2004, 2007) in line with the ISTA rules was recorded for the Service Tree seeds (71,3%), followed by the Wild Service Tree (64,9%), the Rowan (52,3%) and the Mountain Ash (30,0%). A positive and a very high correlation between the seed germination energy in the laboratory and the total laboratory germination was established for all the four species. The best average nursery germination (2003-2007) was recorded for the Service Tree seed (56,8%), followed by the nursery germination of the Wild Service Tree (40,5%), the Rowan (27,3%) and the Mountain Ash (6,6%). A positive and a very high correlation between the laboratory and the nursery germination was confirmed for all the four species of the genus Sorbus L. The Rowan seedlings 1+0 (2004, 2005, 2007, 2008) had an average height of 99 mm and the root collar diameter of 5,22 mm. The average Rowan seedling height 2+0 (2003 yield) totalled 437 mm with the root collar diameter of 10,43 mm. The Mountain Ash seedlings 1+0 (2004, 2005, 2006) had an average height of 313 mm and the root collar diameter of 7,10 mm. The average height of the Mountain Ash seedlings 2+0 was 744 mm and the root collar diameter 10,56 mm. The Service Tree seedlings 1+0 (2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008) had an average height of 286 mm and the root collar diameter of 5,34 mm. The average height of the Service Tree seedlings 2+0 (2003 yield) was 635 mm and the root collar diameter 8,48 mm. The Wild Service Tree seedlings 1+0 (2004, 2005, 2007, 2008) had an average height of 198 mm and the root collar diameter of 6,00 mm. The average height of the Wild Service Tree seedlings (2+0) (yield 2003) was 442 mm and the root collar diameter 8,53 mm. A positive and a significant correlation between the absolute seed weight and the nursery survival of the plants was confirmed for the Wild Service Tree seeds. In the nursery the Mountain Ash seedlings exhibited the best resistance to biotic and abiotic factors, followed by the Wild Service Tree, the Service Tree and the Rowan seedlings. On the basis of the research into the height growth and the increment of the Wild Service Tree seedlings, the production in sowing beds is recommended for only one vegetation (1+0), and without the root system pruning. Mountain Ash seedlings best tolerate when transplanted in a nursery where transplanting itself does not cause stress, unlike the Service Tree and especially the Wild Service Tree seedlings. Three-year old seedlings can be used in urban forestry or as rootstocks for grafting different sorts and cultivars (for the Service Tree and the Mountain Ash). The variance analysis did not reveal any statistically significant differences in heights and root collar diameter of the Rowan, the Service and the Wild Service Tree with respect to three types of BCC containers (V-265, V-150 and V-120 SS). The propagation with softwood cuttings could be recommended only for the Mountain Ash and its cultivars while for the other three species the rooting success is very poor or inexistent, due to which this method is not economically profitable. |
